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Navigating hospitals safely through the COVID-19 epidemic tide: Predicting case load for adjusting bed capacity
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- Tjibbe Donker, Fabian M. Bürkin, Martin Wolkewitz, Christian Haverkamp, Dominic Christoffel, Oliver Kappert, Thorsten Hammer, Hans-Jörg Busch, Paul Biever, Johannes Kalbhenn, Hartmut Bürkle, Winfried V. Kern, Frederik Wenz, Hajo Grundmann
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 42 / Issue 6 / June 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 September 2020, pp. 653-658
- Print publication:
- June 2021
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Background:
The pressures exerted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic pose an unprecedented demand on healthcare services. Hospitals become rapidly overwhelmed when patients requiring life-saving support outpace available capacities.
Objective:We describe methods used by a university hospital to forecast case loads and time to peak incidence.
Methods:We developed a set of models to forecast incidence among the hospital catchment population and to describe the COVID-19 patient hospital-care pathway. The first forecast utilized data from antecedent allopatric epidemics and parameterized the care-pathway model according to expert opinion (ie, the static model). Once sufficient local data were available, trends for the time-dependent effective reproduction number were fitted, and the care pathway was reparameterized using hazards for real patient admission, referrals, and discharge (ie, the dynamic model).
Results:The static model, deployed before the epidemic, exaggerated the bed occupancy for general wards (116 forecasted vs 66 observed), ICUs (47 forecasted vs 34 observed), and predicted the peak too late: general ward forecast April 9 and observed April 8 and ICU forecast April 19 and observed April 8. After April 5, the dynamic model could be run daily, and its precision improved with increasing availability of empirical local data.
Conclusions:The models provided data-based guidance for the preparation and allocation of critical resources of a university hospital well in advance of the epidemic surge, despite overestimating the service demand. Overestimates should resolve when the population contact pattern before and during restrictions can be taken into account, but for now they may provide an acceptable safety margin for preparing during times of uncertainty.
H2S-free Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy of Coalesced 2D WS2 Layers on Sapphire - ERRATUM
- A. Grundmann, D. Andrzejewski, T. Kümmell, G. Bacher, M. Heuken, H. Kalisch, A. Vescan
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- Journal:
- MRS Advances / Volume 4 / Issue 10 / 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 September 2019, p. e1
- Print publication:
- 2019
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H2S-free Metal-Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy of Coalesced 2D WS2 Layers on Sapphire
- A. Grundmann, D. Andrzejewski, T. Kümmell, G. Bacher, M. Heuken, H. Kalisch, A. Vescan
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- Journal:
- MRS Advances / Volume 4 / Issue 10 / 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 January 2019, pp. 593-599
- Print publication:
- 2019
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The 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) tungsten disulfide (WS2) has attracted great interest due to its unique properties and prospects for future (opto)electronics. However, compared to molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), the development of a reproducible and scalable deposition process for 2D WS2 has not advanced very far yet. Here, we report on the systematic investigation of 2D WS2 growth on hydrogen (H2)-desorbed sapphire (0001) substrates using a hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-free metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) process in a commercial AIXTRON planetary hot-wall reactor in 10 × 2" configuration. Tungsten hexacarbonyl (WCO, 99.9 %) and di-tert-butyl sulfide (DTBS, 99.9999 %) were used as MO sources, nitrogen (N2) was selected as carrier gas for the deposition processes (standard growth time 10 h). In an initial study, the impact of growth temperature on nucleation and growth was investigated and an optimal value of 820 °C was found. The influence of the WCO flow on lateral growth was investigated. The aim was to maximize the edge length of triangular crystals as well as the total surface coverage. Extending gradually the growth time up to 20 h at optimized WCO flow conditions yields fully coalesced WS2 samples without parasitic carbon-related Raman peaks and with only sparse bilayer nucleation. After substrate removal, a fully coalesced WS2 film was implemented into a light-emitting device showing intense red electroluminescence (EL).
A continuous composition spread approach towards monolithic, wavelength-selective multichannel UV-photo-detector arrays
- H. von Wenckstern, Z. Zhang, J. Lenzner, F. Schmidt, M. Grundmann
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1633 / 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 January 2014, pp. 123-129
- Print publication:
- 2014
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Continuous composition spread (CCS) methods have been very successfully used for exploiting and optimization of new material systems. Concerning sample growth by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) approaches towards thin films with a CCS are involved, here movable masks for partial shadowing of the substrate and multiple targets are needed to obtain linearly varying changes of composition. Here we make use of an approach allowing deposition of thin films with CCS at high growth rates by using segmented PLD targets. We describe how this approach can be used to fabricate monolithic, wavelength-selective multichannel UV-photo-detector arrays.
Amorphous zinc-tin oxide thin films fabricated by pulsed laser deposition at room temperature
- P. Schlupp, H. von Wenckstern, M. Grundmann
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1633 / 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 January 2014, pp. 101-104
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- 2014
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For a cost-efficient fabrication of homogeneous oxide thin films the usage of amorphous materials is favorable. They can be deposited at room temperature (RT) and represent an interesting alternative to amorphous silicon in electronics. Zinc-tin oxide is a promising n-type channel material for thin film transistors and consists of abundant elements, only, in contrast to the well-explored indium gallium zinc oxide. Here, the electrical and optical properties of room temperature deposited ZTO thin films are discussed. These films were fabricated via pulsed-laser deposition on glass substrates by ablating a ceramic target composed of ZnO and SnO2 in a 1:2 ratio. The resistivity has been controlled over seven orders of magnitude via the oxygen growth pressure. Further, the optical transmittance tends to be higher for higher oxygen growth pressures.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Valence Band Structure of ZnO and MgxZn1−xO
- R. Schmidt-Grund, C. Sturm, M. Schubert, B. Rheinländer, D. Faltermeier, H. Hochmuth, A. Rahm, J. Bläsing, C. Bundesmann, J. Zúñiga-Pérez, T. Chavdarov, M. Lorenz, M. Grundmann
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1035 / 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, 1035-L11-37
- Print publication:
- 2007
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We present an attempt to clarify the valence band order of ZnO and MgxZn1−xO films grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on sapphire substrates. We derive the dependence of spin orbit interaction (Δso) and crystal field interaction (Δcf) on the temperature, strain and cation replacement (Zn with Mg) and compared this with theoretical predictions. The strain was varied by using different orientated sapphire substrates (c-, r-, and m-plane orientations) and by varying the film thicknesses. All these investigations support the conclusion that the symmetry order of the valence band is Γ7-Γ9-Γ7 for ZnO and MgxZn1−xO for x ≤ 0.55.
Use of Multistate Models to Assess Prolongation of Intensive Care Unit Stay Due to Nosocomial Infection
- J. Beyersmann, P. Gastmeier, H. Grundmann, S. Bärwolff, C. Geffers, M. Behnke, H. Rüden, M. Schumacher
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 27 / Issue 5 / May 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 June 2016, pp. 493-499
- Print publication:
- May 2006
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Background.
Reliable data on the costs attributable to nosocomial infection (NI) are crucial to demonstrating the real cost-effectiveness of infection control measures. Several studies investigating this issue with regard to intensive care unit (ICU) patients have probably overestimated, as a result of inappropriate study methods, the part played by NIs in prolonging the length of stay.
Methods.Data from a prospective study of the incidence of NI in 5 ICUs over a period of 18 months formed the basis of this analysis. For describing the temporal dynamics of the data, a multistate model was used. Thus, ICU patients were counted as case patients as soon as an NI was ascertained on any particular day. All patients were then regarded as control subjects as long as they remained free of NI (time-to-event data analysis technique).
Results.Admitted patients (n = 1,876) were observed for the development of NI over a period of 28,498 patient-days. In total, 431 NIs were ascertained during the study period (incidence density, 15.1 NIs per 1,000 patient-days). The influence of NI as a time-dependent covariate in a proportional hazards model was highly significant (P< .0001, Wald test). NI significantly reduced the discharge hazard (hazard ratio, 0.72 [95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.82])—that is, it prolonged the ICU stay. The mean prolongation of ICU length of stay due to NI ( ± standard error) was estimated to be 5.3 ± 1.6 days.
Conclusions.Further studies are required to enable comparison of data on prolongation of ICU length of stay with the results of various study methods.
Restricted genetic and antigenic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum under mesoendemic transmission in the Venezuelan Amazon
- A. TAMI, H. GRUNDMANN, C. SUTHERLAND, J. S. MCBRIDE, D. R. CAVANAGH, E. CAMPOS, G. SNOUNOU, C. BARNABÉ, M. TIBAYRENC, D. C. WARHURST
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 124 / Issue 6 / June 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 August 2002, pp. 569-581
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The study of genetic diversity in malaria populations is expected to provide new insights for the deployment of control measures. Plasmodium falciparum diversity in Africa and Asia is thought to reflect endemicity. In comprehensive epidemiological surveys reported here the genetic and antigenic structure of P. falciparum in the Venezuelan Amazon were studied over a 2-year period. DNA polymorphisms in glutamate-rich protein (GLURP), merozoite-surface protein 1 (MSP1) and MSP2 genes, in a multicopy element (PfRRM), all showed low diversity, 1 predominant genotype, and virtually no multi-clonal infections. Moreover, linkage disequilibrium was seen between GLURP, MSP1 and MSP2. Specific antibody responses against MSP1 and MSP2 recombinant antigens reflected the low genetic diversity observed in the parasite population. This is unexpected in a mesoendemic area, and suggests that the low diversity here may not only relate to endemicity but to other influences such as a bottleneck effect. Linkage disequilibrium and a predominant genotype may imply that P. falciparum frequently propagates with an epidemic or clonal population structure in the Venezuelan Amazon.
Far-infrared magnetooptical generalized ellipsometry determination of free-carrier parameters in semiconductor thin film structures
- Tino Hofmann, Marius Grundmann, Craig M. Herzinger, Mathias Schubert, Wolfgang Grill
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 744 / 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 February 2011, M5.32
- Print publication:
- 2002
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In accord with the Drude model, the free-carrier contribution to the dielectric function at infrared wavelengths is proportional to the ratio of the free-carrier concentration N and the effective mass m*, and the product of the optical mobility μ and m*. Typical infrared optical experiments are therefore sensitive to the free-carrier mass, but determination of m* from the measured dielectric function requires an independent experiment, such as an electrical Hall-effect measurement, which provides either N or μ. Highly-doped zincblende III-V-semiconductors exposed to a strong external magnetic field exhibit non-symmetric magnetooptical birefringence, which is inversely proportional to m*. If the spectral dependence of the magnetooptical dielectric function tensor is known, the parameters N, m* and μ can be determined independently from optical measurements alone. Generalized ellipsometry measures three complex-valued ratios of normalized Jones matrix elements, from which the individual tensor elements of the dielectric function of arbitrarily anisotropic materials in layered samples can be reconstructed. We present the application of generalized ellipsometry to semiconductor layer structures at far-infrared wavelengths, and determine the magnetooptical dielectric function for n-GaAs and n-AlGaInP for wavelengths from 100 μm to 15 μm. We obtain the effective electron mass and mobility results of GaAs in excellent agreement with results obtained from Hall-effect and Shubnikov-de-Haas experiments. The effective electron mass in disordered n-AlGaInP obtained here is in very good agreement with previous k·p calculations. (Far)-infrared magnetooptic generalized ellipsometry may open up new avenues for non-destructive characterization of free-carrier properties in complex semiconductor heterostructures.
Long-Lasting Contamination of a Vitrectomy Apparatus With Serratia marcescens
- Ines Kappstein, Christian M. Schneider, Hajo Grundmann, Regina Scholz, Peter Janknecht
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 20 / Issue 3 / March 1999
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 192-195
- Print publication:
- March 1999
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Objective:
To investigate the contamination of a vitrectomy apparatus with Serratia marcescens.
Design:Descriptive microbiological and molecular environmental study.
Setting:An 1,800-bed university hospital.
Results:S marcescens was found inside the vitrectomy apparatus at the pressure transducer. Molecular typing by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-automated laser flourescence analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis identified a single pattern for all strains isolated from the apparatus. Surprisingly, the contaminating strain was identical to two strains of S marcescens isolated nearly 2 years earlier from two patients who were involved in a small outbreak of acute postoperative endophthalmitis following cataract surgery at another hospital. The emergency vitrectomies in these patients were performed at our hospital with the same apparatus that was found to be contaminated 2 years later.
Conclusion:Performing a systematic environmental search for the assumed bacterial reservoir within the system of the vitrectomy apparatus finally made it possible to find and eliminate the nidus for the gram-negative rod. Molecular typing demonstrated that all isolates belonged to a single genotype, and revealed unexpectedly a link to two vitrectomies performed 2 years earlier. The data support the hypothesis that the source of the contamination was one of these patients, and thus contamination of the apparatus was present for almost 2 years.
Total intravenous anaesthesia with gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and sufentanil in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a comparison in patients with unimpaired and impaired left ventricular function
- S. Kleinschmidt, U. Grundmann, T. Knocke, M. Silomon, F. Bach, R. Larsen
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- Journal:
- European Journal of Anaesthesiology / Volume 15 / Issue 5 / September 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 August 2006, pp. 559-564
- Print publication:
- September 1998
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The haemodynamic effects of anaesthesia with gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)/sufentanil for elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were investigated and compared in patients with unimpaired left ventricular function (ejection fraction ≥45%, left ventricular end diastolic pressure ≤16 mmHg) and patients with impaired left ventricular function. In 38 consecutive patients scheduled for CABG (21 with unimpaired and 17 with impaired left ventricular function), anaesthesia was induced with etomidate, sufentanil and pancuronium. After tracheal intubation, the lungs were normoventilated (end tidal Pco2 4.9−5.6 kPa) with an oxygen-air mixture (Fio2 0.5). Total intravenous anaesthesia was maintained with GHB (20 mg kg−1 h−1after a ‘priming dose’ of 40 mg kg−1) and sufentanil (2 μg kg−1 h−1). Haemodynamic measurements were made after induction of anaesthesia and at various times in the prebypass period. Patients in both groups showed similar haemodynamic trends. Mean arterial pressure showed a maximum reduction of 10%, whereas heart rate and right- and left-sided filling pressures remained unchanged within the groups after the induction of anaesthesia. Cardiac index remained unchanged in both groups, although values differed between the groups. A total of 14 out of 21 patients (67%) with unimpaired and 10 out of 17 patients (59%) with impaired ventricular function required supplementary administration of opioids to control temporary hypertension after sternotomy. No episodes of myocardial ischaemia were detected during the study period using ST segment analysis (leads II and V5). The results of this study suggest that GHB provides adequate haemodynamic conditions in the prebypass period and may be a suitable agent for TIVA also in patients with impaired left ventricular function undergoing CABG.
Growth, Spectroscopy, and Laser Application of Self-Ordered III-V Quantum Dots
- D. Bimberg, M. Grundmann, N.N. Ledentsov
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- Journal:
- MRS Bulletin / Volume 23 / Issue 2 / February 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 November 2013, pp. 31-34
- Print publication:
- February 1998
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The development and application of semiconductor light-emitting and laser diodes has been a huge success during the last 30 years in key areas of modern technology like communications, recording, and printing. Still there is ample room for improvement through combination of the atomlike properties for zero-dimensionally localized carriers in quantum dots (QDs) with state-of-the-art semiconductor-laser technology. Low, temperature-insensitive threshold current; high gain; and differential gain have been predicted since the early 1980s.
In the past two decades, the fabrication of QDs has been attempted using colloidal techniques (see the article by Nozik and Mićić in this issue), patterning, etching, and layer fluctuations (see the article by Gammon in this issue). However a break-through occurred recently through the employment of self-ordering mechanisms during epitaxy of lattice-mismatched materials (see the next section) for the creation of high-density arrays of QDs that exhibit excellent optical properties, particularly high quantum efficiency, up to room temperature. The zero-dimensional carrier confinement and subsequent atomlike electronic properties have a drastic impact on optical properties (see the section on Spectroscopy). Also intimately connected is the applicability of QDs as a novel gain medium in state-of-the-art laser diodes with superior properties (see the section on Lasers).
Tem Structural Characterization of Nm-Scale Islands in Highly Mismatched Systems
- S. Ruvimov, Z. Liliental-Weber, N.N. Ledentsov, M. Grundmann, D. Bimberg, V.M. Ustinov, A.YU. Egorov, P.S. Kop'ev, Zh.I. Alferov, K. Scheerschmidt, U. Gösele
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 421 / 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, 383
- Print publication:
- 1996
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Transmission electron microscopy has been applied to study the ordering in size and shape of InAs quantum dots and in their lateral distribution. InAs islands were grown by MBE on GaAs substrates at different As-pressures and growth temperatures. Experiments with growth interupption support the theoretical predictions concerning equilibrium island size, shape and arrangement. The stability of the equilibrium dot arrays to changing of growth conditions was studied by varying the deposition temperature, arsenic pressure or growth interruption time. Significant deviation from the optimal As-pressure towards both the lower and higher values was shown to supress the formation of InAs dots resulting either in mesoscopic InAs clusters or 2D corrugated islands. Energy benefit due to the strain relaxation at island edges explains the experimental results better than kinetic consideration.
Simultaneous Planarized Selective-Area Epitaxy of GaxIn1-xAs in Normal and Dove-tail Etched Grooves
- H.M. Cox, DM. Hwang, M.R. Frei, C. Caneau, M. Grundmann, D. Bimberg
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 326 / 1993
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 February 2011, 561
- Print publication:
- 1993
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Selective-area epitaxy was investigated by Cl-transport VPE growth of GaxIn1-xAs in features etched in a (001) InP wafer through windows of an SiCO2 mask. Growth was conducted simultaneously on masked samples with grooves oriented along the [110] and the [110] directions and a planar InP wafer oriented 3° off (001). The structures were studied with optical and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence (PL), and cathodoluminescence (CL). Excellent surface morphology, luminescence, and near-lattice-matching were simultaneously achieved for all samples. TEM cross-sections demonstrate that the [110] and even the [110] dove-tail grooves are filled in a wellordered manner without visible defects or undue strain. CL imaging in crosssection and planview demonstrates the trend in both samples for lower bandgap material to be found in the upper center portion of the groove.